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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "GENPKEY 1"
.TH GENPKEY 1 "2019-12-20" "1.0.2u" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
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.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-genpkey,
genpkey \- generate a private key
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBgenpkey\fR
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-outform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-pass arg\fR]
[\fB\-\f(BIcipher\fB\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
[\fB\-paramfile file\fR]
[\fB\-algorithm alg\fR]
[\fB\-pkeyopt opt:value\fR]
[\fB\-genparam\fR]
[\fB\-text\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBgenpkey\fR command generates a private key.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
the output filename. If this argument is not specified then standard output is
used.
.IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-outform DER|PEM"
This specifies the output format \s-1DER\s0 or \s-1PEM.\s0 The default format is \s-1PEM.\s0
.IP "\fB\-pass arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pass arg"
The output file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-\f(BIcipher\fB\fR" 4
.IX Item "-cipher"
This option encrypts the private key with the supplied cipher. Any algorithm
name accepted by \fBEVP_get_cipherbyname()\fR is acceptable such as \fBdes3\fR.
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBgenpkey\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms. If used this option should precede all other
options.
.IP "\fB\-algorithm alg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-algorithm alg"
Public key algorithm to use such as \s-1RSA, DSA\s0 or \s-1DH.\s0 If used this option must
precede any \fB\-pkeyopt\fR options. The options \fB\-paramfile\fR and \fB\-algorithm\fR
are mutually exclusive. Engines may add algorithms in addition to the standard
built-in ones.
.Sp
Valid built-in algorithm names for private key generation are \s-1RSA\s0 and \s-1EC.\s0
.Sp
Valid built-in algorithm names for parameter generation (see the \fB\-genparam\fR
option) are \s-1DH, DSA\s0 and \s-1EC.\s0
.Sp
Note that the algorithm name X9.42 \s-1DH\s0 may be used as a synonym for the \s-1DH\s0
algorithm. These are identical and do not indicate the type of parameters that
will be generated. Use the \fBdh_paramgen_type\fR option to indicate whether PKCS#3
or X9.42 \s-1DH\s0 parameters are required. See \*(L"\s-1DH\s0 Parameter Generation Options\*(R"
below for more details.
.IP "\fB\-pkeyopt opt:value\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pkeyopt opt:value"
Set the public key algorithm option \fBopt\fR to \fBvalue\fR. The precise set of
options supported depends on the public key algorithm used and its
implementation. See \*(L"\s-1KEY GENERATION OPTIONS\*(R"\s0 and
\&\*(L"\s-1PARAMETER GENERATION OPTIONS\*(R"\s0 below for more details.
.IP "\fB\-genparam\fR" 4
.IX Item "-genparam"
Generate a set of parameters instead of a private key. If used this option must
precede any \fB\-algorithm\fR, \fB\-paramfile\fR or \fB\-pkeyopt\fR options.
.IP "\fB\-paramfile filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-paramfile filename"
Some public key algorithms generate a private key based on a set of parameters.
They can be supplied using this option. If this option is used the public key
algorithm used is determined by the parameters. If used this option must
precede and \fB\-pkeyopt\fR options. The options \fB\-paramfile\fR and \fB\-algorithm\fR
are mutually exclusive.
.IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4
.IX Item "-text"
Print an (unencrypted) text representation of private and public keys and
parameters along with the \s-1PEM\s0 or \s-1DER\s0 structure.
.SH "KEY GENERATION OPTIONS"
.IX Header "KEY GENERATION OPTIONS"
The options supported by each algorith and indeed each implementation of an
algorithm can vary. The options for the OpenSSL implementations are detailed
below.
.SS "\s-1RSA\s0 Key Generation Options"
.IX Subsection "RSA Key Generation Options"
.IP "\fBrsa_keygen_bits:numbits\fR" 4
.IX Item "rsa_keygen_bits:numbits"
The number of bits in the generated key. If not specified 2048 is used.
.IP "\fBrsa_keygen_pubexp:value\fR" 4
.IX Item "rsa_keygen_pubexp:value"
The \s-1RSA\s0 public exponent value. This can be a large decimal or
hexadecimal value if preceded by \fB0x\fR. Default value is 65537.
.SS "\s-1EC\s0 Key Generation Options"
.IX Subsection "EC Key Generation Options"
The \s-1EC\s0 key generation options can also be used for parameter generation.
.IP "\fBec_paramgen_curve:curve\fR" 4
.IX Item "ec_paramgen_curve:curve"
The \s-1EC\s0 curve to use. OpenSSL supports \s-1NIST\s0 curve names such as \*(L"P\-256\*(R".
.IP "\fBec_param_enc:encoding\fR" 4
.IX Item "ec_param_enc:encoding"
The encoding to use for parameters. The \*(L"encoding\*(R" parameter must be either
\&\*(L"named_curve\*(R" or \*(L"explicit\*(R". The default value is \*(L"named_curve\*(R".
.SH "PARAMETER GENERATION OPTIONS"
.IX Header "PARAMETER GENERATION OPTIONS"
The options supported by each algorithm and indeed each implementation of an
algorithm can vary. The options for the OpenSSL implementations are detailed
below.
.SS "\s-1DSA\s0 Parameter Generation Options"
.IX Subsection "DSA Parameter Generation Options"
.IP "\fBdsa_paramgen_bits:numbits\fR" 4
.IX Item "dsa_paramgen_bits:numbits"
The number of bits in the generated prime. If not specified 2048 is used.
.IP "\fBdsa_paramgen_q_bits:numbits\fR" 4
.IX Item "dsa_paramgen_q_bits:numbits"
The number of bits in the q parameter. Must be one of 160, 224 or 256. If not
specified 224 is used.
.IP "\fBdsa_paramgen_md:digest\fR" 4
.IX Item "dsa_paramgen_md:digest"
The digest to use during parameter generation. Must be one of \fBsha1\fR, \fBsha224\fR
or \fBsha256\fR. If set, then the number of bits in \fBq\fR will match the output size
of the specified digest and the \fBdsa_paramgen_q_bits\fR parameter will be
ignored. If not set, then a digest will be used that gives an output matching
the number of bits in \fBq\fR, i.e. \fBsha1\fR if q length is 160, \fBsha224\fR if it 224
or \fBsha256\fR if it is 256.
.SS "\s-1DH\s0 Parameter Generation Options"
.IX Subsection "DH Parameter Generation Options"
.IP "\fBdh_paramgen_prime_len:numbits\fR" 4
.IX Item "dh_paramgen_prime_len:numbits"
The number of bits in the prime parameter \fBp\fR. The default is 2048.
.IP "\fBdh_paramgen_subprime_len:numbits\fR" 4
.IX Item "dh_paramgen_subprime_len:numbits"
The number of bits in the sub prime parameter \fBq\fR. The default is 256 if the
prime is at least 2048 bits long or 160 otherwise. Only relevant if used in
conjunction with the \fBdh_paramgen_type\fR option to generate X9.42 \s-1DH\s0 parameters.
.IP "\fBdh_paramgen_generator:value\fR" 4
.IX Item "dh_paramgen_generator:value"
The value to use for the generator \fBg\fR. The default is 2.
.IP "\fBdh_paramgen_type:value\fR" 4
.IX Item "dh_paramgen_type:value"
The type of \s-1DH\s0 parameters to generate. Use 0 for PKCS#3 \s-1DH\s0 and 1 for X9.42 \s-1DH.\s0
The default is 0.
.IP "\fBdh_rfc5114:num\fR" 4
.IX Item "dh_rfc5114:num"
If this option is set, then the appropriate \s-1RFC5114\s0 parameters are used
instead of generating new parameters. The value \fBnum\fR can take the
values 1, 2 or 3 corresponding to \s-1RFC5114 DH\s0 parameters consisting of
1024 bit group with 160 bit subgroup, 2048 bit group with 224 bit subgroup
and 2048 bit group with 256 bit subgroup as mentioned in \s-1RFC5114\s0 sections
2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 respectively. If present this overrides all other \s-1DH\s0 parameter
options.
.SS "\s-1EC\s0 Parameter Generation Options"
.IX Subsection "EC Parameter Generation Options"
The \s-1EC\s0 parameter generation options are the same as for key generation. See
\&\*(L"\s-1EC\s0 Key Generation Options\*(R" above.
.SH "GOST2001 KEY GENERATION AND PARAMETER OPTIONS"
.IX Header "GOST2001 KEY GENERATION AND PARAMETER OPTIONS"
Gost 2001 support is not enabled by default. To enable this algorithm,
one should load the ccgost engine in the OpenSSL configuration file.
See \s-1README\s0.gost file in the engines/ccgost directiry of the source
distribution for more details.
.PP
Use of a parameter file for the \s-1GOST R 34.10\s0 algorithm is optional.
Parameters can be specified during key generation directly as well as
during generation of parameter file.
.IP "\fBparamset:name\fR" 4
.IX Item "paramset:name"
Specifies \s-1GOST R 34.10\-2001\s0 parameter set according to \s-1RFC 4357.\s0
Parameter set can be specified using abbreviated name, object short name or
numeric \s-1OID.\s0 Following parameter sets are supported:
.Sp
.Vb 7
\& paramset OID Usage
\& A 1.2.643.2.2.35.1 Signature
\& B 1.2.643.2.2.35.2 Signature
\& C 1.2.643.2.2.35.3 Signature
\& XA 1.2.643.2.2.36.0 Key exchange
\& XB 1.2.643.2.2.36.1 Key exchange
\& test 1.2.643.2.2.35.0 Test purposes
.Ve
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
The use of the genpkey program is encouraged over the algorithm specific
utilities because additional algorithm options and \s-1ENGINE\s0 provided algorithms
can be used.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Generate an \s-1RSA\s0 private key using default parameters:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl genpkey \-algorithm RSA \-out key.pem
.Ve
.PP
Encrypt output private key using 128 bit \s-1AES\s0 and the passphrase \*(L"hello\*(R":
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl genpkey \-algorithm RSA \-out key.pem \-aes\-128\-cbc \-pass pass:hello
.Ve
.PP
Generate a 2048 bit \s-1RSA\s0 key using 3 as the public exponent:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl genpkey \-algorithm RSA \-out key.pem \-pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:2048 \e
\& \-pkeyopt rsa_keygen_pubexp:3
.Ve
.PP
Generate 2048 bit \s-1DSA\s0 parameters:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl genpkey \-genparam \-algorithm DSA \-out dsap.pem \e
\& \-pkeyopt dsa_paramgen_bits:2048
.Ve
.PP
Generate \s-1DSA\s0 key from parameters:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl genpkey \-paramfile dsap.pem \-out dsakey.pem
.Ve
.PP
Generate 2048 bit \s-1DH\s0 parameters:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl genpkey \-genparam \-algorithm DH \-out dhp.pem \e
\& \-pkeyopt dh_paramgen_prime_len:2048
.Ve
.PP
Generate 2048 bit X9.42 \s-1DH\s0 parameters:
.PP
.Vb 3
\& openssl genpkey \-genparam \-algorithm DH \-out dhpx.pem \e
\& \-pkeyopt dh_paramgen_prime_len:2048 \e
\& \-pkeyopt dh_paramgen_type:1
.Ve
.PP
Output \s-1RFC5114 2048\s0 bit \s-1DH\s0 parameters with 224 bit subgroup:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl genpkey \-genparam \-algorithm DH \-out dhp.pem \-pkeyopt dh_rfc5114:2
.Ve
.PP
Generate \s-1DH\s0 key from parameters:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl genpkey \-paramfile dhp.pem \-out dhkey.pem
.Ve
.PP
Generate \s-1EC\s0 key directly:
.PP
.Vb 3
\& openssl genpkey \-algorithm EC \-out eckey.pem \e
\& \-pkeyopt ec_paramgen_curve:P\-384 \e
\& \-pkeyopt ec_param_enc:named_curve
.Ve
.SH "HISTORY"
.IX Header "HISTORY"
The ability to use \s-1NIST\s0 curve names, and to generate an \s-1EC\s0 key directly,
were added in OpenSSL 1.0.2.