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# Glob
Match files using the patterns the shell uses.
The most correct and second fastest glob implementation in
JavaScript. (See **Comparison to Other JavaScript Glob
Implementations** at the bottom of this readme.)
## Usage
Install with npm
```
npm i glob
```
**Note** the npm package name is _not_ `node-glob` that's a
different thing that was abandoned years ago. Just `glob`.
```js
// load using import
import { glob, globSync, globStream, globStreamSync, Glob } from 'glob'
// or using commonjs, that's fine, too
const {
glob,
globSync,
globStream,
globStreamSync,
Glob,
} = require('glob')
// the main glob() and globSync() resolve/return array of filenames
// all js files, but don't look in node_modules
const jsfiles = await glob('**/*.js', { ignore: 'node_modules/**' })
// pass in a signal to cancel the glob walk
const stopAfter100ms = await glob('**/*.css', {
signal: AbortSignal.timeout(100),
})
// multiple patterns supported as well
const images = await glob(['css/*.{png,jpeg}', 'public/*.{png,jpeg}'])
// but of course you can do that with the glob pattern also
// the sync function is the same, just returns a string[] instead
// of Promise<string[]>
const imagesAlt = globSync('{css,public}/*.{png,jpeg}')
// you can also stream them, this is a Minipass stream
const filesStream = globStream(['**/*.dat', 'logs/**/*.log'])
// construct a Glob object if you wanna do it that way, which
// allows for much faster walks if you have to look in the same
// folder multiple times.
const g = new Glob('**/foo', {})
// glob objects are async iterators, can also do globIterate() or
// g.iterate(), same deal
for await (const file of g) {
console.log('found a foo file:', file)
}
// pass a glob as the glob options to reuse its settings and caches
const g2 = new Glob('**/bar', g)
// sync iteration works as well
for (const file of g2) {
console.log('found a bar file:', file)
}
// you can also pass withFileTypes: true to get Path objects
// these are like a Dirent, but with some more added powers
// check out http://npm.im/path-scurry for more info on their API
const g3 = new Glob('**/baz/**', { withFileTypes: true })
g3.stream().on('data', path => {
console.log(
'got a path object',
path.fullpath(),
path.isDirectory(),
path.readdirSync().map(e => e.name)
)
})
// if you use stat:true and withFileTypes, you can sort results
// by things like modified time, filter by permission mode, etc.
// All Stats fields will be available in that case. Slightly
// slower, though.
// For example:
const results = await glob('**', { stat: true, withFileTypes: true })
const timeSortedFiles = results
.sort((a, b) => a.mtimeMs - b.mtimeMs)
.map(path => path.fullpath())
const groupReadableFiles = results
.filter(path => path.mode & 0o040)
.map(path => path.fullpath())
// custom ignores can be done like this, for example by saying
// you'll ignore all markdown files, and all folders named 'docs'
const customIgnoreResults = await glob('**', {
ignore: {
ignored: p => /\.md$/.test(p.name),
childrenIgnored: p => p.isNamed('docs'),
},
})
// another fun use case, only return files with the same name as
// their parent folder, plus either `.ts` or `.js`
const folderNamedModules = await glob('**/*.{ts,js}', {
ignore: {
ignored: p => {
const pp = p.parent
return !(p.isNamed(pp.name + '.ts') || p.isNamed(pp.name + '.js'))
},
},
})
// find all files edited in the last hour, to do this, we ignore
// all of them that are more than an hour old
const newFiles = await glob('**', {
// need stat so we have mtime
stat: true,
// only want the files, not the dirs
nodir: true,
ignore: {
ignored: p => {
return new Date() - p.mtime > 60 * 60 * 1000
},
// could add similar childrenIgnored here as well, but
// directory mtime is inconsistent across platforms, so
// probably better not to, unless you know the system
// tracks this reliably.
},
})
```
**Note** Glob patterns should always use `/` as a path separator,
even on Windows systems, as `\` is used to escape glob
characters. If you wish to use `\` as a path separator _instead
of_ using it as an escape character on Windows platforms, you may
set `windowsPathsNoEscape:true` in the options. In this mode,
special glob characters cannot be escaped, making it impossible
to match a literal `*` `?` and so on in filenames.
## Command Line Interface
```
$ glob -h
Usage:
glob [options] [<pattern> [<pattern> ...]]
Expand the positional glob expression arguments into any matching file system
paths found.
-c<command> --cmd=<command>
Run the command provided, passing the glob expression
matches as arguments.
-A --all By default, the glob cli command will not expand any
arguments that are an exact match to a file on disk.
This prevents double-expanding, in case the shell
expands an argument whose filename is a glob
expression.
For example, if 'app/*.ts' would match 'app/[id].ts',
then on Windows powershell or cmd.exe, 'glob app/*.ts'
will expand to 'app/[id].ts', as expected. However, in
posix shells such as bash or zsh, the shell will first
expand 'app/*.ts' to a list of filenames. Then glob
will look for a file matching 'app/[id].ts' (ie,
'app/i.ts' or 'app/d.ts'), which is unexpected.
Setting '--all' prevents this behavior, causing glob to
treat ALL patterns as glob expressions to be expanded,
even if they are an exact match to a file on disk.
When setting this option, be sure to enquote arguments
so that the shell will not expand them prior to passing
them to the glob command process.
-a --absolute Expand to absolute paths
-d --dot-relative Prepend './' on relative matches
-m --mark Append a / on any directories matched
-x --posix Always resolve to posix style paths, using '/' as the
directory separator, even on Windows. Drive letter
absolute matches on Windows will be expanded to their
full resolved UNC maths, eg instead of 'C:\foo\bar', it
will expand to '//?/C:/foo/bar'.
-f --follow Follow symlinked directories when expanding '**'
-R --realpath Call 'fs.realpath' on all of the results. In the case
of an entry that cannot be resolved, the entry is
omitted. This incurs a slight performance penalty, of
course, because of the added system calls.
-s --stat Call 'fs.lstat' on all entries, whether required or not
to determine if it's a valid match.
-b --match-base Perform a basename-only match if the pattern does not
contain any slash characters. That is, '*.js' would be
treated as equivalent to '**/*.js', matching js files
in all directories.
--dot Allow patterns to match files/directories that start
with '.', even if the pattern does not start with '.'
--nobrace Do not expand {...} patterns
--nocase Perform a case-insensitive match. This defaults to
'true' on macOS and Windows platforms, and false on all
others.
Note: 'nocase' should only be explicitly set when it is
known that the filesystem's case sensitivity differs
from the platform default. If set 'true' on
case-insensitive file systems, then the walk may return
more or less results than expected.
--nodir Do not match directories, only files.
Note: to *only* match directories, append a '/' at the
end of the pattern.
--noext Do not expand extglob patterns, such as '+(a|b)'
--noglobstar Do not expand '**' against multiple path portions. Ie,
treat it as a normal '*' instead.
--windows-path-no-escape
Use '\' as a path separator *only*, and *never* as an
escape character. If set, all '\' characters are
replaced with '/' in the pattern.
-D<n> --max-depth=<n> Maximum depth to traverse from the current working
directory
-C<cwd> --cwd=<cwd> Current working directory to execute/match in
-r<root> --root=<root> A string path resolved against the 'cwd', which is used
as the starting point for absolute patterns that start
with '/' (but not drive letters or UNC paths on
Windows).
Note that this *doesn't* necessarily limit the walk to
the 'root' directory, and doesn't affect the cwd
starting point for non-absolute patterns. A pattern
containing '..' will still be able to traverse out of
the root directory, if it is not an actual root
directory on the filesystem, and any non-absolute
patterns will still be matched in the 'cwd'.
To start absolute and non-absolute patterns in the same
path, you can use '--root=' to set it to the empty
string. However, be aware that on Windows systems, a
pattern like 'x:/*' or '//host/share/*' will *always*
start in the 'x:/' or '//host/share/' directory,
regardless of the --root setting.
--platform=<platform> Defaults to the value of 'process.platform' if
available, or 'linux' if not. Setting --platform=win32
on non-Windows systems may cause strange behavior!
-i<ignore> --ignore=<ignore>
Glob patterns to ignore Can be set multiple times
-v --debug Output a huge amount of noisy debug information about
patterns as they are parsed and used to match files.
-h --help Show this usage information
```
## `glob(pattern: string | string[], options?: GlobOptions) => Promise<string[] | Path[]>`
Perform an asynchronous glob search for the pattern(s) specified.
Returns
[Path](https://isaacs.github.io/path-scurry/classes/PathBase)
objects if the `withFileTypes` option is set to `true`. See below
for full options field desciptions.
## `globSync(pattern: string | string[], options?: GlobOptions) => string[] | Path[]`
Synchronous form of `glob()`.
Alias: `glob.sync()`
## `globIterate(pattern: string | string[], options?: GlobOptions) => AsyncGenerator<string>`
Return an async iterator for walking glob pattern matches.
Alias: `glob.iterate()`
## `globIterateSync(pattern: string | string[], options?: GlobOptions) => Generator<string>`
Return a sync iterator for walking glob pattern matches.
Alias: `glob.iterate.sync()`, `glob.sync.iterate()`
## `globStream(pattern: string | string[], options?: GlobOptions) => Minipass<string | Path>`
Return a stream that emits all the strings or `Path` objects and
then emits `end` when completed.
Alias: `glob.stream()`
## `globStreamSync(pattern: string | string[], options?: GlobOptions) => Minipass<string | Path>`
Syncronous form of `globStream()`. Will read all the matches as
fast as you consume them, even all in a single tick if you
consume them immediately, but will still respond to backpressure
if they're not consumed immediately.
Alias: `glob.stream.sync()`, `glob.sync.stream()`
## `hasMagic(pattern: string | string[], options?: GlobOptions) => boolean`
Returns `true` if the provided pattern contains any "magic" glob
characters, given the options provided.
Brace expansion is not considered "magic" unless the
`magicalBraces` option is set, as brace expansion just turns one
string into an array of strings. So a pattern like `'x{a,b}y'`
would return `false`, because `'xay'` and `'xby'` both do not
contain any magic glob characters, and it's treated the same as
if you had called it on `['xay', 'xby']`. When
`magicalBraces:true` is in the options, brace expansion _is_
treated as a pattern having magic.
## `escape(pattern: string, options?: GlobOptions) => string`
Escape all magic characters in a glob pattern, so that it will
only ever match literal strings
If the `windowsPathsNoEscape` option is used, then characters are
escaped by wrapping in `[]`, because a magic character wrapped in
a character class can only be satisfied by that exact character.
Slashes (and backslashes in `windowsPathsNoEscape` mode) cannot
be escaped or unescaped.
## `unescape(pattern: string, options?: GlobOptions) => string`
Un-escape a glob string that may contain some escaped characters.
If the `windowsPathsNoEscape` option is used, then square-brace
escapes are removed, but not backslash escapes. For example, it
will turn the string `'[*]'` into `*`, but it will not turn
`'\\*'` into `'*'`, because `\` is a path separator in
`windowsPathsNoEscape` mode.
When `windowsPathsNoEscape` is not set, then both brace escapes
and backslash escapes are removed.
Slashes (and backslashes in `windowsPathsNoEscape` mode) cannot
be escaped or unescaped.
## Class `Glob`
An object that can perform glob pattern traversals.
### `const g = new Glob(pattern: string | string[], options: GlobOptions)`
Options object is required.
See full options descriptions below.
Note that a previous `Glob` object can be passed as the
`GlobOptions` to another `Glob` instantiation to re-use settings
and caches with a new pattern.
Traversal functions can be called multiple times to run the walk
again.
### `g.stream()`
Stream results asynchronously,
### `g.streamSync()`
Stream results synchronously.
### `g.iterate()`
Default async iteration function. Returns an AsyncGenerator that
iterates over the results.
### `g.iterateSync()`
Default sync iteration function. Returns a Generator that
iterates over the results.
### `g.walk()`
Returns a Promise that resolves to the results array.
### `g.walkSync()`
Returns a results array.
### Properties
All options are stored as properties on the `Glob` object.
- `opts` The options provided to the constructor.
- `patterns` An array of parsed immutable `Pattern` objects.
## Options
Exported as `GlobOptions` TypeScript interface. A `GlobOptions`
object may be provided to any of the exported methods, and must
be provided to the `Glob` constructor.
All options are optional, boolean, and false by default, unless
otherwise noted.
All resolved options are added to the Glob object as properties.
If you are running many `glob` operations, you can pass a Glob
object as the `options` argument to a subsequent operation to
share the previously loaded cache.
- `cwd` String path or `file://` string or URL object. The
current working directory in which to search. Defaults to
`process.cwd()`. See also: "Windows, CWDs, Drive Letters, and
UNC Paths", below.
This option may be either a string path or a `file://` URL
object or string.
- `root` A string path resolved against the `cwd` option, which
is used as the starting point for absolute patterns that start
with `/`, (but not drive letters or UNC paths on Windows).
Note that this _doesn't_ necessarily limit the walk to the
`root` directory, and doesn't affect the cwd starting point for
non-absolute patterns. A pattern containing `..` will still be
able to traverse out of the root directory, if it is not an
actual root directory on the filesystem, and any non-absolute
patterns will be matched in the `cwd`. For example, the
pattern `/../*` with `{root:'/some/path'}` will return all
files in `/some`, not all files in `/some/path`. The pattern
`*` with `{root:'/some/path'}` will return all the entries in
the cwd, not the entries in `/some/path`.
To start absolute and non-absolute patterns in the same
path, you can use `{root:''}`. However, be aware that on
Windows systems, a pattern like `x:/*` or `//host/share/*` will
_always_ start in the `x:/` or `//host/share` directory,
regardless of the `root` setting.
- `windowsPathsNoEscape` Use `\\` as a path separator _only_, and
_never_ as an escape character. If set, all `\\` characters are
replaced with `/` in the pattern.
Note that this makes it **impossible** to match against paths
containing literal glob pattern characters, but allows matching
with patterns constructed using `path.join()` and
`path.resolve()` on Windows platforms, mimicking the (buggy!)
behavior of Glob v7 and before on Windows. Please use with
caution, and be mindful of [the caveat below about Windows
paths](#windows). (For legacy reasons, this is also set if
`allowWindowsEscape` is set to the exact value `false`.)
- `dot` Include `.dot` files in normal matches and `globstar`
matches. Note that an explicit dot in a portion of the pattern
will always match dot files.
- `magicalBraces` Treat brace expansion like `{a,b}` as a "magic"
pattern. Has no effect if {@link nobrace} is set.
Only has effect on the {@link hasMagic} function, no effect on
glob pattern matching itself.
- `dotRelative` Prepend all relative path strings with `./` (or
`.\` on Windows).
Without this option, returned relative paths are "bare", so
instead of returning `'./foo/bar'`, they are returned as
`'foo/bar'`.
Relative patterns starting with `'../'` are not prepended with
`./`, even if this option is set.
- `mark` Add a `/` character to directory matches. Note that this
requires additional stat calls.
- `nobrace` Do not expand `{a,b}` and `{1..3}` brace sets.
- `noglobstar` Do not match `**` against multiple filenames. (Ie,
treat it as a normal `*` instead.)
- `noext` Do not match "extglob" patterns such as `+(a|b)`.
- `nocase` Perform a case-insensitive match. This defaults to
`true` on macOS and Windows systems, and `false` on all others.
**Note** `nocase` should only be explicitly set when it is
known that the filesystem's case sensitivity differs from the
platform default. If set `true` on case-sensitive file
systems, or `false` on case-insensitive file systems, then the
walk may return more or less results than expected.
- `maxDepth` Specify a number to limit the depth of the directory
traversal to this many levels below the `cwd`.
- `matchBase` Perform a basename-only match if the pattern does
not contain any slash characters. That is, `*.js` would be
treated as equivalent to `**/*.js`, matching all js files in
all directories.
- `nodir` Do not match directories, only files. (Note: to match
_only_ directories, put a `/` at the end of the pattern.)
Note: when `follow` and `nodir` are both set, then symbolic
links to directories are also omitted.
- `stat` Call `lstat()` on all entries, whether required or not
to determine whether it's a valid match. When used with
`withFileTypes`, this means that matches will include data such
as modified time, permissions, and so on. Note that this will
incur a performance cost due to the added system calls.
- `ignore` string or string[], or an object with `ignore` and
`ignoreChildren` methods.
If a string or string[] is provided, then this is treated as a
glob pattern or array of glob patterns to exclude from matches.
To ignore all children within a directory, as well as the entry
itself, append `'/**'` to the ignore pattern.
**Note** `ignore` patterns are _always_ in `dot:true` mode,
regardless of any other settings.
If an object is provided that has `ignored(path)` and/or
`childrenIgnored(path)` methods, then these methods will be
called to determine whether any Path is a match or if its
children should be traversed, respectively.
- `follow` Follow symlinked directories when expanding `**`
patterns. This can result in a lot of duplicate references in
the presence of cyclic links, and make performance quite bad.
By default, a `**` in a pattern will follow 1 symbolic link if
it is not the first item in the pattern, or none if it is the
first item in the pattern, following the same behavior as Bash.
Note: when `follow` and `nodir` are both set, then symbolic
links to directories are also omitted.
- `realpath` Set to true to call `fs.realpath` on all of the
results. In the case of an entry that cannot be resolved, the
entry is omitted. This incurs a slight performance penalty, of
course, because of the added system calls.
- `absolute` Set to true to always receive absolute paths for
matched files. Set to `false` to always receive relative paths
for matched files.
By default, when this option is not set, absolute paths are
returned for patterns that are absolute, and otherwise paths
are returned that are relative to the `cwd` setting.
This does _not_ make an extra system call to get the realpath,
it only does string path resolution.
`absolute` may not be used along with `withFileTypes`.
- `posix` Set to true to use `/` as the path separator in
returned results. On posix systems, this has no effect. On
Windows systems, this will return `/` delimited path results,
and absolute paths will be returned in their full resolved UNC
path form, eg insted of `'C:\\foo\\bar'`, it will return
`//?/C:/foo/bar`.
- `platform` Defaults to value of `process.platform` if
available, or `'linux'` if not. Setting `platform:'win32'` on
non-Windows systems may cause strange behavior.
- `withFileTypes` Return [PathScurry](http://npm.im/path-scurry)
`Path` objects instead of strings. These are similar to a
NodeJS `Dirent` object, but with additional methods and
properties.
`withFileTypes` may not be used along with `absolute`.
- `signal` An AbortSignal which will cancel the Glob walk when
triggered.
- `fs` An override object to pass in custom filesystem methods.
See [PathScurry docs](http://npm.im/path-scurry) for what can
be overridden.
- `scurry` A [PathScurry](http://npm.im/path-scurry) object used
to traverse the file system. If the `nocase` option is set
explicitly, then any provided `scurry` object must match this
setting.
## Glob Primer
Much more information about glob pattern expansion can be found
by running `man bash` and searching for `Pattern Matching`.
"Globs" are the patterns you type when you do stuff like `ls
*.js` on the command line, or put `build/*` in a `.gitignore`
file.
Before parsing the path part patterns, braced sections are
expanded into a set. Braced sections start with `{` and end with
`}`, with 2 or more comma-delimited sections within. Braced
sections may contain slash characters, so `a{/b/c,bcd}` would
expand into `a/b/c` and `abcd`.
The following characters have special magic meaning when used in
a path portion. With the exception of `**`, none of these match
path separators (ie, `/` on all platforms, and `\` on Windows).
- `*` Matches 0 or more characters in a single path portion.
When alone in a path portion, it must match at least 1
character. If `dot:true` is not specified, then `*` will not
match against a `.` character at the start of a path portion.
- `?` Matches 1 character. If `dot:true` is not specified, then
`?` will not match against a `.` character at the start of a
path portion.
- `[...]` Matches a range of characters, similar to a RegExp
range. If the first character of the range is `!` or `^` then
it matches any character not in the range. If the first
character is `]`, then it will be considered the same as `\]`,
rather than the end of the character class.
- `!(pattern|pattern|pattern)` Matches anything that does not
match any of the patterns provided. May _not_ contain `/`
characters. Similar to `*`, if alone in a path portion, then
the path portion must have at least one character.
- `?(pattern|pattern|pattern)` Matches zero or one occurrence of
the patterns provided. May _not_ contain `/` characters.
- `+(pattern|pattern|pattern)` Matches one or more occurrences of
the patterns provided. May _not_ contain `/` characters.
- `*(a|b|c)` Matches zero or more occurrences of the patterns
provided. May _not_ contain `/` characters.
- `@(pattern|pat*|pat?erN)` Matches exactly one of the patterns
provided. May _not_ contain `/` characters.
- `**` If a "globstar" is alone in a path portion, then it
matches zero or more directories and subdirectories searching
for matches. It does not crawl symlinked directories, unless
`{follow:true}` is passed in the options object. A pattern
like `a/b/**` will only match `a/b` if it is a directory.
Follows 1 symbolic link if not the first item in the pattern,
or 0 if it is the first item, unless `follow:true` is set, in
which case it follows all symbolic links.
`[:class:]` patterns are supported by this implementation, but
`[=c=]` and `[.symbol.]` style class patterns are not.
### Dots
If a file or directory path portion has a `.` as the first
character, then it will not match any glob pattern unless that
pattern's corresponding path part also has a `.` as its first
character.
For example, the pattern `a/.*/c` would match the file at
`a/.b/c`. However the pattern `a/*/c` would not, because `*` does
not start with a dot character.
You can make glob treat dots as normal characters by setting
`dot:true` in the options.
### Basename Matching
If you set `matchBase:true` in the options, and the pattern has
no slashes in it, then it will seek for any file anywhere in the
tree with a matching basename. For example, `*.js` would match
`test/simple/basic.js`.
### Empty Sets
If no matching files are found, then an empty array is returned.
This differs from the shell, where the pattern itself is
returned. For example:
```sh
$ echo a*s*d*f
a*s*d*f
```
## Comparisons to other fnmatch/glob implementations
While strict compliance with the existing standards is a
worthwhile goal, some discrepancies exist between node-glob and
other implementations, and are intentional.
The double-star character `**` is supported by default, unless
the `noglobstar` flag is set. This is supported in the manner of
bsdglob and bash 5, where `**` only has special significance if
it is the only thing in a path part. That is, `a/**/b` will match
`a/x/y/b`, but `a/**b` will not.
Note that symlinked directories are not traversed as part of a
`**`, though their contents may match against subsequent portions
of the pattern. This prevents infinite loops and duplicates and
the like. You can force glob to traverse symlinks with `**` by
setting `{follow:true}` in the options.
There is no equivalent of the `nonull` option. A pattern that
does not find any matches simply resolves to nothing. (An empty
array, immediately ended stream, etc.)
If brace expansion is not disabled, then it is performed before
any other interpretation of the glob pattern. Thus, a pattern
like `+(a|{b),c)}`, which would not be valid in bash or zsh, is
expanded **first** into the set of `+(a|b)` and `+(a|c)`, and
those patterns are checked for validity. Since those two are
valid, matching proceeds.
The character class patterns `[:class:]` (posix standard named
classes) style class patterns are supported and unicode-aware,
but `[=c=]` (locale-specific character collation weight), and
`[.symbol.]` (collating symbol), are not.
### Repeated Slashes
Unlike Bash and zsh, repeated `/` are always coalesced into a
single path separator.
### Comments and Negation
Previously, this module let you mark a pattern as a "comment" if
it started with a `#` character, or a "negated" pattern if it
started with a `!` character.
These options were deprecated in version 5, and removed in
version 6.
To specify things that should not match, use the `ignore` option.
## Windows
**Please only use forward-slashes in glob expressions.**
Though windows uses either `/` or `\` as its path separator, only
`/` characters are used by this glob implementation. You must use
forward-slashes **only** in glob expressions. Back-slashes will
always be interpreted as escape characters, not path separators.
Results from absolute patterns such as `/foo/*` are mounted onto
the root setting using `path.join`. On windows, this will by
default result in `/foo/*` matching `C:\foo\bar.txt`.
To automatically coerce all `\` characters to `/` in pattern
strings, **thus making it impossible to escape literal glob
characters**, you may set the `windowsPathsNoEscape` option to
`true`.
### Windows, CWDs, Drive Letters, and UNC Paths
On posix systems, when a pattern starts with `/`, any `cwd`
option is ignored, and the traversal starts at `/`, plus any
non-magic path portions specified in the pattern.
On Windows systems, the behavior is similar, but the concept of
an "absolute path" is somewhat more involved.
#### UNC Paths
A UNC path may be used as the start of a pattern on Windows
platforms. For example, a pattern like: `//?/x:/*` will return
all file entries in the root of the `x:` drive. A pattern like
`//ComputerName/Share/*` will return all files in the associated
share.
UNC path roots are always compared case insensitively.
#### Drive Letters
A pattern starting with a drive letter, like `c:/*`, will search
in that drive, regardless of any `cwd` option provided.
If the pattern starts with `/`, and is not a UNC path, and there
is an explicit `cwd` option set with a drive letter, then the
drive letter in the `cwd` is used as the root of the directory
traversal.
For example, `glob('/tmp', { cwd: 'c:/any/thing' })` will return
`['c:/tmp']` as the result.
If an explicit `cwd` option is not provided, and the pattern
starts with `/`, then the traversal will run on the root of the
drive provided as the `cwd` option. (That is, it is the result of
`path.resolve('/')`.)
## Race Conditions
Glob searching, by its very nature, is susceptible to race
conditions, since it relies on directory walking.
As a result, it is possible that a file that exists when glob
looks for it may have been deleted or modified by the time it
returns the result.
By design, this implementation caches all readdir calls that it
makes, in order to cut down on system overhead. However, this
also makes it even more susceptible to races, especially if the
cache object is reused between glob calls.
Users are thus advised not to use a glob result as a guarantee of
filesystem state in the face of rapid changes. For the vast
majority of operations, this is never a problem.
### See Also:
- `man sh`
- `man bash` [Pattern
Matching](https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Pattern-Matching.html)
- `man 3 fnmatch`
- `man 5 gitignore`
- [minimatch documentation](https://github.com/isaacs/minimatch)
## Glob Logo
Glob's logo was created by [Tanya
Brassie](http://tanyabrassie.com/). Logo files can be found
[here](https://github.com/isaacs/node-glob/tree/master/logo).
The logo is licensed under a [Creative Commons
Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).
## Contributing
Any change to behavior (including bugfixes) must come with a
test.
Patches that fail tests or reduce performance will be rejected.
```sh
# to run tests
npm test
# to re-generate test fixtures
npm run test-regen
# run the benchmarks
npm run bench
# to profile javascript
npm run prof
```
## Comparison to Other JavaScript Glob Implementations
**tl;dr**
- If you want glob matching that is as faithful as possible to
Bash pattern expansion semantics, and as fast as possible
within that constraint, _use this module_.
- If you are reasonably sure that the patterns you will encounter
are relatively simple, and want the absolutely fastest glob
matcher out there, _use [fast-glob](http://npm.im/fast-glob)_.
- If you are reasonably sure that the patterns you will encounter
are relatively simple, and want the convenience of
automatically respecting `.gitignore` files, _use
[globby](http://npm.im/globby)_.
There are some other glob matcher libraries on npm, but these
three are (in my opinion, as of 2023) the best.
---
**full explanation**
Every library reflects a set of opinions and priorities in the
trade-offs it makes. Other than this library, I can personally
recommend both [globby](http://npm.im/globby) and
[fast-glob](http://npm.im/fast-glob), though they differ in their
benefits and drawbacks.
Both have very nice APIs and are reasonably fast.
`fast-glob` is, as far as I am aware, the fastest glob
implementation in JavaScript today. However, there are many
cases where the choices that `fast-glob` makes in pursuit of
speed mean that its results differ from the results returned by
Bash and other sh-like shells, which may be surprising.
In my testing, `fast-glob` is around 10-20% faster than this
module when walking over 200k files nested 4 directories
deep[1](#fn-webscale). However, there are some inconsistencies
with Bash matching behavior that this module does not suffer
from:
- `**` only matches files, not directories
- `..` path portions are not handled unless they appear at the
start of the pattern
- `./!(<pattern>)` will not match any files that _start_ with
`<pattern>`, even if they do not match `<pattern>`. For
example, `!(9).txt` will not match `9999.txt`.
- Some brace patterns in the middle of a pattern will result in
failing to find certain matches.
- Extglob patterns are allowed to contain `/` characters.
Globby exhibits all of the same pattern semantics as fast-glob,
(as it is a wrapper around fast-glob) and is slightly slower than
node-glob (by about 10-20% in the benchmark test set, or in other
words, anywhere from 20-50% slower than fast-glob). However, it
adds some API conveniences that may be worth the costs.
- Support for `.gitignore` and other ignore files.
- Support for negated globs (ie, patterns starting with `!`
rather than using a separate `ignore` option).
The priority of this module is "correctness" in the sense of
performing a glob pattern expansion as faithfully as possible to
the behavior of Bash and other sh-like shells, with as much speed
as possible.
Note that prior versions of `node-glob` are _not_ on this list.
Former versions of this module are far too slow for any cases
where performance matters at all, and were designed with APIs
that are extremely dated by current JavaScript standards.
---
<small id="fn-webscale">[1]: In the cases where this module
returns results and `fast-glob` doesn't, it's even faster, of
course.</small>
### Benchmark Results
First number is time, smaller is better.
Second number is the count of results returned.
```
--- pattern: '**' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.598s 200364
node globby sync 0m0.765s 200364
node current globSync mjs 0m0.683s 222656
node current glob syncStream 0m0.649s 222656
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.350s 200364
node globby async 0m0.509s 200364
node current glob async mjs 0m0.463s 222656
node current glob stream 0m0.411s 222656
--- pattern: '**/..' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.486s 0
node globby sync 0m0.769s 200364
node current globSync mjs 0m0.564s 2242
node current glob syncStream 0m0.583s 2242
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.283s 0
node globby async 0m0.512s 200364
node current glob async mjs 0m0.299s 2242
node current glob stream 0m0.312s 2242
--- pattern: './**/0/**/0/**/0/**/0/**/*.txt' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.490s 10
node globby sync 0m0.517s 10
node current globSync mjs 0m0.540s 10
node current glob syncStream 0m0.550s 10
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.290s 10
node globby async 0m0.296s 10
node current glob async mjs 0m0.278s 10
node current glob stream 0m0.302s 10
--- pattern: './**/[01]/**/[12]/**/[23]/**/[45]/**/*.txt' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.500s 160
node globby sync 0m0.528s 160
node current globSync mjs 0m0.556s 160
node current glob syncStream 0m0.573s 160
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.283s 160
node globby async 0m0.301s 160
node current glob async mjs 0m0.306s 160
node current glob stream 0m0.322s 160
--- pattern: './**/0/**/0/**/*.txt' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.502s 5230
node globby sync 0m0.527s 5230
node current globSync mjs 0m0.544s 5230
node current glob syncStream 0m0.557s 5230
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.285s 5230
node globby async 0m0.305s 5230
node current glob async mjs 0m0.304s 5230
node current glob stream 0m0.310s 5230
--- pattern: '**/*.txt' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.580s 200023
node globby sync 0m0.771s 200023
node current globSync mjs 0m0.685s 200023
node current glob syncStream 0m0.649s 200023
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.349s 200023
node globby async 0m0.509s 200023
node current glob async mjs 0m0.427s 200023
node current glob stream 0m0.388s 200023
--- pattern: '{**/*.txt,**/?/**/*.txt,**/?/**/?/**/*.txt,**/?/**/?/**/?/**/*.txt,**/?/**/?/**/?/**/?/**/*.txt}' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.589s 200023
node globby sync 0m0.771s 200023
node current globSync mjs 0m0.716s 200023
node current glob syncStream 0m0.684s 200023
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.351s 200023
node globby async 0m0.518s 200023
node current glob async mjs 0m0.462s 200023
node current glob stream 0m0.468s 200023
--- pattern: '**/5555/0000/*.txt' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.496s 1000
node globby sync 0m0.519s 1000
node current globSync mjs 0m0.539s 1000
node current glob syncStream 0m0.567s 1000
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.285s 1000
node globby async 0m0.299s 1000
node current glob async mjs 0m0.305s 1000
node current glob stream 0m0.301s 1000
--- pattern: './**/0/**/../[01]/**/0/../**/0/*.txt' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.484s 0
node globby sync 0m0.507s 0
node current globSync mjs 0m0.577s 4880
node current glob syncStream 0m0.586s 4880
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.280s 0
node globby async 0m0.298s 0
node current glob async mjs 0m0.327s 4880
node current glob stream 0m0.324s 4880
--- pattern: '**/????/????/????/????/*.txt' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.547s 100000
node globby sync 0m0.673s 100000
node current globSync mjs 0m0.626s 100000
node current glob syncStream 0m0.618s 100000
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.315s 100000
node globby async 0m0.414s 100000
node current glob async mjs 0m0.366s 100000
node current glob stream 0m0.345s 100000
--- pattern: './{**/?{/**/?{/**/?{/**/?,,,,},,,,},,,,},,,}/**/*.txt' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.588s 100000
node globby sync 0m0.670s 100000
node current globSync mjs 0m0.717s 200023
node current glob syncStream 0m0.687s 200023
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.343s 100000
node globby async 0m0.418s 100000
node current glob async mjs 0m0.519s 200023
node current glob stream 0m0.451s 200023
--- pattern: '**/!(0|9).txt' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.573s 160023
node globby sync 0m0.731s 160023
node current globSync mjs 0m0.680s 180023
node current glob syncStream 0m0.659s 180023
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.345s 160023
node globby async 0m0.476s 160023
node current glob async mjs 0m0.427s 180023
node current glob stream 0m0.388s 180023
--- pattern: './{*/**/../{*/**/../{*/**/../{*/**/../{*/**,,,,},,,,},,,,},,,,},,,,}/*.txt' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.483s 0
node globby sync 0m0.512s 0
node current globSync mjs 0m0.811s 200023
node current glob syncStream 0m0.773s 200023
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.280s 0
node globby async 0m0.299s 0
node current glob async mjs 0m0.617s 200023
node current glob stream 0m0.568s 200023
--- pattern: './*/**/../*/**/../*/**/../*/**/../*/**/../*/**/../*/**/../*/**/*.txt' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.485s 0
node globby sync 0m0.507s 0
node current globSync mjs 0m0.759s 200023
node current glob syncStream 0m0.740s 200023
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.281s 0
node globby async 0m0.297s 0
node current glob async mjs 0m0.544s 200023
node current glob stream 0m0.464s 200023
--- pattern: './*/**/../*/**/../*/**/../*/**/../*/**/*.txt' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.486s 0
node globby sync 0m0.513s 0
node current globSync mjs 0m0.734s 200023
node current glob syncStream 0m0.696s 200023
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.286s 0
node globby async 0m0.296s 0
node current glob async mjs 0m0.506s 200023
node current glob stream 0m0.483s 200023
--- pattern: './0/**/../1/**/../2/**/../3/**/../4/**/../5/**/../6/**/../7/**/*.txt' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.060s 0
node globby sync 0m0.074s 0
node current globSync mjs 0m0.067s 0
node current glob syncStream 0m0.066s 0
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.060s 0
node globby async 0m0.075s 0
node current glob async mjs 0m0.066s 0
node current glob stream 0m0.067s 0
--- pattern: './**/?/**/?/**/?/**/?/**/*.txt' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.568s 100000
node globby sync 0m0.651s 100000
node current globSync mjs 0m0.619s 100000
node current glob syncStream 0m0.617s 100000
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.332s 100000
node globby async 0m0.409s 100000
node current glob async mjs 0m0.372s 100000
node current glob stream 0m0.351s 100000
--- pattern: '**/*/**/*/**/*/**/*/**' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.603s 200113
node globby sync 0m0.798s 200113
node current globSync mjs 0m0.730s 222137
node current glob syncStream 0m0.693s 222137
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.356s 200113
node globby async 0m0.525s 200113
node current glob async mjs 0m0.508s 222137
node current glob stream 0m0.455s 222137
--- pattern: './**/*/**/*/**/*/**/*/**/*.txt' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.622s 200000
node globby sync 0m0.792s 200000
node current globSync mjs 0m0.722s 200000
node current glob syncStream 0m0.695s 200000
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.369s 200000
node globby async 0m0.527s 200000
node current glob async mjs 0m0.502s 200000
node current glob stream 0m0.481s 200000
--- pattern: '**/*.txt' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.588s 200023
node globby sync 0m0.771s 200023
node current globSync mjs 0m0.684s 200023
node current glob syncStream 0m0.658s 200023
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.352s 200023
node globby async 0m0.516s 200023
node current glob async mjs 0m0.432s 200023
node current glob stream 0m0.384s 200023
--- pattern: './**/**/**/**/**/**/**/**/*.txt' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.589s 200023
node globby sync 0m0.766s 200023
node current globSync mjs 0m0.682s 200023
node current glob syncStream 0m0.652s 200023
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.352s 200023
node globby async 0m0.523s 200023
node current glob async mjs 0m0.436s 200023
node current glob stream 0m0.380s 200023
--- pattern: '**/*/*.txt' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.592s 200023
node globby sync 0m0.776s 200023
node current globSync mjs 0m0.691s 200023
node current glob syncStream 0m0.659s 200023
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.357s 200023
node globby async 0m0.513s 200023
node current glob async mjs 0m0.471s 200023
node current glob stream 0m0.424s 200023
--- pattern: '**/*/**/*.txt' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.585s 200023
node globby sync 0m0.766s 200023
node current globSync mjs 0m0.694s 200023
node current glob syncStream 0m0.664s 200023
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.350s 200023
node globby async 0m0.514s 200023
node current glob async mjs 0m0.472s 200023
node current glob stream 0m0.424s 200023
--- pattern: '**/[0-9]/**/*.txt' ---
~~ sync ~~
node fast-glob sync 0m0.544s 100000
node globby sync 0m0.636s 100000
node current globSync mjs 0m0.626s 100000
node current glob syncStream 0m0.621s 100000
~~ async ~~
node fast-glob async 0m0.322s 100000
node globby async 0m0.404s 100000
node current glob async mjs 0m0.360s 100000
node current glob stream 0m0.352s 100000
```