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#
# cgi/session.rb - session support for cgi scripts
#
# Copyright (C) 2001 Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto
# Copyright (C) 2000 Network Applied Communication Laboratory, Inc.
# Copyright (C) 2000 Information-technology Promotion Agency, Japan
#
# Author: Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto
#
# Documentation: William Webber (william@williamwebber.com)
require 'cgi'
require 'tmpdir'
class CGI
# == Overview
#
# This file provides the CGI::Session class, which provides session
# support for CGI scripts. A session is a sequence of HTTP requests
# and responses linked together and associated with a single client.
# Information associated with the session is stored
# on the server between requests. A session id is passed between client
# and server with every request and response, transparently
# to the user. This adds state information to the otherwise stateless
# HTTP request/response protocol.
#
# == Lifecycle
#
# A CGI::Session instance is created from a CGI object. By default,
# this CGI::Session instance will start a new session if none currently
# exists, or continue the current session for this client if one does
# exist. The +new_session+ option can be used to either always or
# never create a new session. See #new() for more details.
#
# #delete() deletes a session from session storage. It
# does not however remove the session id from the client. If the client
# makes another request with the same id, the effect will be to start
# a new session with the old session's id.
#
# == Setting and retrieving session data.
#
# The Session class associates data with a session as key-value pairs.
# This data can be set and retrieved by indexing the Session instance
# using '[]', much the same as hashes (although other hash methods
# are not supported).
#
# When session processing has been completed for a request, the
# session should be closed using the close() method. This will
# store the session's state to persistent storage. If you want
# to store the session's state to persistent storage without
# finishing session processing for this request, call the update()
# method.
#
# == Storing session state
#
# The caller can specify what form of storage to use for the session's
# data with the +database_manager+ option to CGI::Session::new. The
# following storage classes are provided as part of the standard library:
#
# CGI::Session::FileStore:: stores data as plain text in a flat file. Only
# works with String data. This is the default
# storage type.
# CGI::Session::MemoryStore:: stores data in an in-memory hash. The data
# only persists for as long as the current Ruby
# interpreter instance does.
# CGI::Session::PStore:: stores data in Marshalled format. Provided by
# cgi/session/pstore.rb. Supports data of any type,
# and provides file-locking and transaction support.
#
# Custom storage types can also be created by defining a class with
# the following methods:
#
# new(session, options)
# restore # returns hash of session data.
# update
# close
# delete
#
# Changing storage type mid-session does not work. Note in particular
# that by default the FileStore and PStore session data files have the
# same name. If your application switches from one to the other without
# making sure that filenames will be different
# and clients still have old sessions lying around in cookies, then
# things will break nastily!
#
# == Maintaining the session id.
#
# Most session state is maintained on the server. However, a session
# id must be passed backwards and forwards between client and server
# to maintain a reference to this session state.
#
# The simplest way to do this is via cookies. The CGI::Session class
# provides transparent support for session id communication via cookies
# if the client has cookies enabled.
#
# If the client has cookies disabled, the session id must be included
# as a parameter of all requests sent by the client to the server. The
# CGI::Session class in conjunction with the CGI class will transparently
# add the session id as a hidden input field to all forms generated
# using the CGI#form() HTML generation method. No built-in support is
# provided for other mechanisms, such as URL re-writing. The caller is
# responsible for extracting the session id from the session_id
# attribute and manually encoding it in URLs and adding it as a hidden
# input to HTML forms created by other mechanisms. Also, session expiry
# is not automatically handled.
#
# == Examples of use
#
# === Setting the user's name
#
# require 'cgi'
# require 'cgi/session'
# require 'cgi/session/pstore' # provides CGI::Session::PStore
#
# cgi = CGI.new("html4")
#
# session = CGI::Session.new(cgi,
# 'database_manager' => CGI::Session::PStore, # use PStore
# 'session_key' => '_rb_sess_id', # custom session key
# 'session_expires' => Time.now + 30 * 60, # 30 minute timeout
# 'prefix' => 'pstore_sid_') # PStore option
# if cgi.has_key?('user_name') and cgi['user_name'] != ''
# # coerce to String: cgi[] returns the
# # string-like CGI::QueryExtension::Value
# session['user_name'] = cgi['user_name'].to_s
# elsif !session['user_name']
# session['user_name'] = "guest"
# end
# session.close
#
# === Creating a new session safely
#
# require 'cgi'
# require 'cgi/session'
#
# cgi = CGI.new("html4")
#
# # We make sure to delete an old session if one exists,
# # not just to free resources, but to prevent the session
# # from being maliciously hijacked later on.
# begin
# session = CGI::Session.new(cgi, 'new_session' => false)
# session.delete
# rescue ArgumentError # if no old session
# end
# session = CGI::Session.new(cgi, 'new_session' => true)
# session.close
#
class Session
class NoSession < RuntimeError #:nodoc:
end
# The id of this session.
attr_reader :session_id, :new_session
def Session::callback(dbman) #:nodoc:
Proc.new{
dbman[0].close unless dbman.empty?
}
end
# Create a new session id.
#
# The session id is an MD5 hash based upon the time,
# a random number, and a constant string. This routine
# is used internally for automatically generated
# session ids.
def create_new_id
require 'securerandom'
begin
session_id = SecureRandom.hex(16)
rescue NotImplementedError
require 'digest/md5'
md5 = Digest::MD5::new
now = Time::now
md5.update(now.to_s)
md5.update(String(now.usec))
md5.update(String(rand(0)))
md5.update(String($$))
md5.update('foobar')
session_id = md5.hexdigest
end
session_id
end
private :create_new_id
# Create a new CGI::Session object for +request+.
#
# +request+ is an instance of the +CGI+ class (see cgi.rb).
# +option+ is a hash of options for initialising this
# CGI::Session instance. The following options are
# recognised:
#
# session_key:: the parameter name used for the session id.
# Defaults to '_session_id'.
# session_id:: the session id to use. If not provided, then
# it is retrieved from the +session_key+ parameter
# of the request, or automatically generated for
# a new session.
# new_session:: if true, force creation of a new session. If not set,
# a new session is only created if none currently
# exists. If false, a new session is never created,
# and if none currently exists and the +session_id+
# option is not set, an ArgumentError is raised.
# database_manager:: the name of the class providing storage facilities
# for session state persistence. Built-in support
# is provided for +FileStore+ (the default),
# +MemoryStore+, and +PStore+ (from
# cgi/session/pstore.rb). See the documentation for
# these classes for more details.
#
# The following options are also recognised, but only apply if the
# session id is stored in a cookie.
#
# session_expires:: the time the current session expires, as a
# +Time+ object. If not set, the session will terminate
# when the user's browser is closed.
# session_domain:: the hostname domain for which this session is valid.
# If not set, defaults to the hostname of the server.
# session_secure:: if +true+, this session will only work over HTTPS.
# session_path:: the path for which this session applies. Defaults
# to the directory of the CGI script.
#
# +option+ is also passed on to the session storage class initializer; see
# the documentation for each session storage class for the options
# they support.
#
# The retrieved or created session is automatically added to +request+
# as a cookie, and also to its +output_hidden+ table, which is used
# to add hidden input elements to forms.
#
# *WARNING* the +output_hidden+
# fields are surrounded by a <fieldset> tag in HTML 4 generation, which
# is _not_ invisible on many browsers; you may wish to disable the
# use of fieldsets with code similar to the following
# (see http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-list/37805)
#
# cgi = CGI.new("html4")
# class << cgi
# undef_method :fieldset
# end
#
def initialize(request, option={})
@new_session = false
session_key = option['session_key'] || '_session_id'
session_id = option['session_id']
unless session_id
if option['new_session']
session_id = create_new_id
@new_session = true
end
end
unless session_id
if request.key?(session_key)
session_id = request[session_key]
session_id = session_id.read if session_id.respond_to?(:read)
end
unless session_id
session_id, = request.cookies[session_key]
end
unless session_id
unless option.fetch('new_session', true)
raise ArgumentError, "session_key `%s' should be supplied"%session_key
end
session_id = create_new_id
@new_session = true
end
end
@session_id = session_id
dbman = option['database_manager'] || FileStore
begin
@dbman = dbman::new(self, option)
rescue NoSession
unless option.fetch('new_session', true)
raise ArgumentError, "invalid session_id `%s'"%session_id
end
session_id = @session_id = create_new_id unless session_id
@new_session=true
retry
end
request.instance_eval do
@output_hidden = {session_key => session_id} unless option['no_hidden']
@output_cookies = [
Cookie::new("name" => session_key,
"value" => session_id,
"expires" => option['session_expires'],
"domain" => option['session_domain'],
"secure" => option['session_secure'],
"path" =>
if option['session_path']
option['session_path']
elsif ENV["SCRIPT_NAME"]
File::dirname(ENV["SCRIPT_NAME"])
else
""
end)
] unless option['no_cookies']
end
@dbprot = [@dbman]
ObjectSpace::define_finalizer(self, Session::callback(@dbprot))
end
# Retrieve the session data for key +key+.
def [](key)
@data ||= @dbman.restore
@data[key]
end
# Set the session data for key +key+.
def []=(key, val)
@write_lock ||= true
@data ||= @dbman.restore
@data[key] = val
end
# Store session data on the server. For some session storage types,
# this is a no-op.
def update
@dbman.update
end
# Store session data on the server and close the session storage.
# For some session storage types, this is a no-op.
def close
@dbman.close
@dbprot.clear
end
# Delete the session from storage. Also closes the storage.
#
# Note that the session's data is _not_ automatically deleted
# upon the session expiring.
def delete
@dbman.delete
@dbprot.clear
end
# File-based session storage class.
#
# Implements session storage as a flat file of 'key=value' values.
# This storage type only works directly with String values; the
# user is responsible for converting other types to Strings when
# storing and from Strings when retrieving.
class FileStore
# Create a new FileStore instance.
#
# This constructor is used internally by CGI::Session. The
# user does not generally need to call it directly.
#
# +session+ is the session for which this instance is being
# created. The session id must only contain alphanumeric
# characters; automatically generated session ids observe
# this requirement.
#
# +option+ is a hash of options for the initializer. The
# following options are recognised:
#
# tmpdir:: the directory to use for storing the FileStore
# file. Defaults to Dir::tmpdir (generally "/tmp"
# on Unix systems).
# prefix:: the prefix to add to the session id when generating
# the filename for this session's FileStore file.
# Defaults to "cgi_sid_".
# suffix:: the prefix to add to the session id when generating
# the filename for this session's FileStore file.
# Defaults to the empty string.
#
# This session's FileStore file will be created if it does
# not exist, or opened if it does.
def initialize(session, option={})
dir = option['tmpdir'] || Dir::tmpdir
prefix = option['prefix'] || 'cgi_sid_'
suffix = option['suffix'] || ''
id = session.session_id
require 'digest/md5'
md5 = Digest::MD5.hexdigest(id)[0,16]
@path = dir+"/"+prefix+md5+suffix
if File::exist? @path
@hash = nil
else
unless session.new_session
raise CGI::Session::NoSession, "uninitialized session"
end
@hash = {}
end
end
# Restore session state from the session's FileStore file.
#
# Returns the session state as a hash.
def restore
unless @hash
@hash = {}
begin
lockf = File.open(@path+".lock", "r")
lockf.flock File::LOCK_SH
f = File.open(@path, 'r')
for line in f
line.chomp!
k, v = line.split('=',2)
@hash[CGI::unescape(k)] = Marshal.restore(CGI::unescape(v))
end
ensure
f.close unless f.nil?
lockf.close if lockf
end
end
@hash
end
# Save session state to the session's FileStore file.
def update
return unless @hash
begin
lockf = File.open(@path+".lock", File::CREAT|File::RDWR, 0600)
lockf.flock File::LOCK_EX
f = File.open(@path+".new", File::CREAT|File::TRUNC|File::WRONLY, 0600)
for k,v in @hash
f.printf "%s=%s\n", CGI::escape(k), CGI::escape(String(Marshal.dump(v)))
end
f.close
File.rename @path+".new", @path
ensure
f.close if f and !f.closed?
lockf.close if lockf
end
end
# Update and close the session's FileStore file.
def close
update
end
# Close and delete the session's FileStore file.
def delete
File::unlink @path+".lock" rescue nil
File::unlink @path+".new" rescue nil
File::unlink @path rescue nil
end
end
# In-memory session storage class.
#
# Implements session storage as a global in-memory hash. Session
# data will only persist for as long as the Ruby interpreter
# instance does.
class MemoryStore
GLOBAL_HASH_TABLE = {} #:nodoc:
# Create a new MemoryStore instance.
#
# +session+ is the session this instance is associated with.
# +option+ is a list of initialisation options. None are
# currently recognised.
def initialize(session, option=nil)
@session_id = session.session_id
unless GLOBAL_HASH_TABLE.key?(@session_id)
unless session.new_session
raise CGI::Session::NoSession, "uninitialized session"
end
GLOBAL_HASH_TABLE[@session_id] = {}
end
end
# Restore session state.
#
# Returns session data as a hash.
def restore
GLOBAL_HASH_TABLE[@session_id]
end
# Update session state.
#
# A no-op.
def update
# don't need to update; hash is shared
end
# Close session storage.
#
# A no-op.
def close
# don't need to close
end
# Delete the session state.
def delete
GLOBAL_HASH_TABLE.delete(@session_id)
end
end
# Dummy session storage class.
#
# Implements session storage place holder. No actual storage
# will be done.
class NullStore
# Create a new NullStore instance.
#
# +session+ is the session this instance is associated with.
# +option+ is a list of initialisation options. None are
# currently recognised.
def initialize(session, option=nil)
end
# Restore (empty) session state.
def restore
{}
end
# Update session state.
#
# A no-op.
def update
end
# Close session storage.
#
# A no-op.
def close
end
# Delete the session state.
#
# A no-op.
def delete
end
end
end
end