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npm</span></a></div></div></div></nav><style data-emotion-css="16vu25q">.css-16vu25q{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;min-width:0;width:100%;}</style><div class="css-16vu25q"><div class="Page__Content-sc-4b62ym-0 gJQTGP documentation"><div><h1 id="developers7" style="position:relative;"><a href="#developers7" aria-label="developers7 permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>developers</h1>
<h2 id="developer-guide" style="position:relative;"><a href="#developer-guide" aria-label="developer guide permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Developer Guide</h2>
<h3 id="description" style="position:relative;"><a href="#description" aria-label="description permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Description</h3>
<p>So, you've decided to use npm to develop (and maybe publish/deploy)
your project.</p>
<p>Fantastic!</p>
<p>There are a few things that you need to do above the simple steps
that your users will do to install your program.</p>
<h3 id="about-these-documents" style="position:relative;"><a href="#about-these-documents" aria-label="about these documents permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>About These Documents</h3>
<p>These are man pages. If you install npm, you should be able to
then do <code class="language-text">man npm-thing</code> to get the documentation on a particular
topic, or <code class="language-text">npm help thing</code> to see the same information.</p>
<h3 id="what-is-a-package" style="position:relative;"><a href="#what-is-a-package" aria-label="what is a package permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What is a package</h3>
<p>A package is:</p>
<ul>
<li>a) a folder containing a program described by a package.json file</li>
<li>b) a gzipped tarball containing (a)</li>
<li>c) a url that resolves to (b)</li>
<li>d) a <code class="language-text"><name>@<version></code> that is published on the registry with (c)</li>
<li>e) a <code class="language-text"><name>@<tag></code> that points to (d)</li>
<li>f) a <code class="language-text"><name></code> that has a "latest" tag satisfying (e)</li>
<li>g) a <code class="language-text">git</code> url that, when cloned, results in (a).</li>
</ul>
<p>Even if you never publish your package, you can still get a lot of
benefits of using npm if you just want to write a node program (a), and
perhaps if you also want to be able to easily install it elsewhere
after packing it up into a tarball (b).</p>
<p>Git urls can be of the form:</p>
<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash">git://github.com/user/project.git<span class="token comment">#commit-ish</span>
git+ssh://user@hostname:project.git<span class="token comment">#commit-ish</span>
git+http://user@hostname/project/blah.git<span class="token comment">#commit-ish</span>
git+https://user@hostname/project/blah.git<span class="token comment">#commit-ish</span></code></pre></div>
<p>The <code class="language-text">commit-ish</code> can be any tag, sha, or branch which can be supplied as
an argument to <code class="language-text">git checkout</code>. The default is <code class="language-text">master</code>.</p>
<h3 id="the-packagejson-file" style="position:relative;"><a href="#the-packagejson-file" aria-label="the packagejson file permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>The package.json File</h3>
<p>You need to have a <code class="language-text">package.json</code> file in the root of your project to do
much of anything with npm. That is basically the whole interface.</p>
<p>See <a href="../../configuring-npm/package-json"><code class="language-text">package.json</code></a> for details about what goes in that file. At the very
least, you need:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>name:
This should be a string that identifies your project. Please do not
use the name to specify that it runs on node, or is in JavaScript.
You can use the "engines" field to explicitly state the versions of
node (or whatever else) that your program requires, and it's pretty
well assumed that it's JavaScript.</p>
<p>It does not necessarily need to match your github repository name.</p>
<p>So, <code class="language-text">node-foo</code> and <code class="language-text">bar-js</code> are bad names. <code class="language-text">foo</code> or <code class="language-text">bar</code> are better.</p>
</li>
<li>version:
A semver-compatible version.</li>
<li>engines:
Specify the versions of node (or whatever else) that your program
runs on. The node API changes a lot, and there may be bugs or new
functionality that you depend on. Be explicit.</li>
<li>author:
Take some credit.</li>
<li>scripts:
If you have a special compilation or installation script, then you
should put it in the <code class="language-text">scripts</code> object. You should definitely have at
least a basic smoke-test command as the "scripts.test" field.
See <a href="../../using-npm/scripts">scripts</a>.</li>
<li>main:
If you have a single module that serves as the entry point to your
program (like what the "foo" package gives you at require("foo")),
then you need to specify that in the "main" field.</li>
<li>directories:
This is an object mapping names to folders. The best ones to include are
"lib" and "doc", but if you use "man" to specify a folder full of man pages,
they'll get installed just like these ones.</li>
</ul>
<p>You can use <code class="language-text">npm init</code> in the root of your package in order to get you
started with a pretty basic package.json file. See <a href="../../cli-commands/npm-init"><code class="language-text">npm init</code></a> for
more info.</p>
<h3 id="keeping-files-out-of-your-package" style="position:relative;"><a href="#keeping-files-out-of-your-package" aria-label="keeping files out of your package permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Keeping files <em>out</em> of your package</h3>
<p>Use a <code class="language-text">.npmignore</code> file to keep stuff out of your package. If there's
no <code class="language-text">.npmignore</code> file, but there <em>is</em> a <code class="language-text">.gitignore</code> file, then npm will
ignore the stuff matched by the <code class="language-text">.gitignore</code> file. If you <em>want</em> to
include something that is excluded by your <code class="language-text">.gitignore</code> file, you can
create an empty <code class="language-text">.npmignore</code> file to override it. Like <code class="language-text">git</code>, <code class="language-text">npm</code> looks
for <code class="language-text">.npmignore</code> and <code class="language-text">.gitignore</code> files in all subdirectories of your
package, not only the root directory.</p>
<p><code class="language-text">.npmignore</code> files follow the <a href="https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Recording-Changes-to-the-Repository#Ignoring-Files">same pattern rules</a>
as <code class="language-text">.gitignore</code> files:</p>
<ul>
<li>Blank lines or lines starting with <code class="language-text">#</code> are ignored.</li>
<li>Standard glob patterns work.</li>
<li>You can end patterns with a forward slash <code class="language-text">/</code> to specify a directory.</li>
<li>You can negate a pattern by starting it with an exclamation point <code class="language-text">!</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>By default, the following paths and files are ignored, so there's no
need to add them to <code class="language-text">.npmignore</code> explicitly:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="language-text">.*.swp</code></li>
<li><code class="language-text">._*</code></li>
<li><code class="language-text">.DS_Store</code></li>
<li><code class="language-text">.git</code></li>
<li><code class="language-text">.hg</code></li>
<li><code class="language-text">.npmrc</code></li>
<li><code class="language-text">.lock-wscript</code></li>
<li><code class="language-text">.svn</code></li>
<li><code class="language-text">.wafpickle-*</code></li>
<li><code class="language-text">config.gypi</code></li>
<li><code class="language-text">CVS</code></li>
<li><code class="language-text">npm-debug.log</code></li>
</ul>
<p>Additionally, everything in <code class="language-text">node_modules</code> is ignored, except for
bundled dependencies. npm automatically handles this for you, so don't
bother adding <code class="language-text">node_modules</code> to <code class="language-text">.npmignore</code>.</p>
<p>The following paths and files are never ignored, so adding them to
<code class="language-text">.npmignore</code> is pointless:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="language-text">package.json</code></li>
<li><code class="language-text">README</code> (and its variants)</li>
<li><code class="language-text">CHANGELOG</code> (and its variants)</li>
<li><code class="language-text">LICENSE</code> / <code class="language-text">LICENCE</code></li>
</ul>
<p>If, given the structure of your project, you find <code class="language-text">.npmignore</code> to be a
maintenance headache, you might instead try populating the <code class="language-text">files</code>
property of <code class="language-text">package.json</code>, which is an array of file or directory names
that should be included in your package. Sometimes a whitelist is easier
to manage than a blacklist.</p>
<h4 id="testing-whether-your-npmignore-or-files-config-works" style="position:relative;"><a href="#testing-whether-your-npmignore-or-files-config-works" aria-label="testing whether your npmignore or files config works permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Testing whether your <code class="language-text">.npmignore</code> or <code class="language-text">files</code> config works</h4>
<p>If you want to double check that your package will include only the files
you intend it to when published, you can run the <code class="language-text">npm pack</code> command locally
which will generate a tarball in the working directory, the same way it
does for publishing.</p>
<h3 id="link-packages" style="position:relative;"><a href="#link-packages" aria-label="link packages permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Link Packages</h3>
<p><code class="language-text">npm link</code> is designed to install a development package and see the
changes in real time without having to keep re-installing it. (You do
need to either re-link or <code class="language-text">npm rebuild -g</code> to update compiled packages,
of course.)</p>
<p>More info at <a href="../../cli-commands/npm-link"><code class="language-text">npm link</code></a>.</p>
<h3 id="before-publishing-make-sure-your-package-installs-and-works" style="position:relative;"><a href="#before-publishing-make-sure-your-package-installs-and-works" aria-label="before publishing make sure your package installs and works permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Before Publishing: Make Sure Your Package Installs and Works</h3>
<p><strong>This is important.</strong></p>
<p>If you can not install it locally, you'll have
problems trying to publish it. Or, worse yet, you'll be able to
publish it, but you'll be publishing a broken or pointless package.
So don't do that.</p>
<p>In the root of your package, do this:</p>
<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> -g</code></pre></div>
<p>That'll show you that it's working. If you'd rather just create a symlink
package that points to your working directory, then do this:</p>
<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">link</span></code></pre></div>
<p>Use <code class="language-text">npm ls -g</code> to see if it's there.</p>
<p>To test a local install, go into some other folder, and then do:</p>
<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> <span class="token punctuation">..</span>/some-other-folder
<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token punctuation">..</span>/my-package</code></pre></div>
<p>to install it locally into the node_modules folder in that other place.</p>
<p>Then go into the node-repl, and try using require("my-thing") to
bring in your module's main module.</p>
<h3 id="create-a-user-account" style="position:relative;"><a href="#create-a-user-account" aria-label="create a user account permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Create a User Account</h3>
<p>Create a user with the adduser command. It works like this:</p>
<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token function">npm</span> adduser</code></pre></div>
<p>and then follow the prompts.</p>
<p>This is documented better in <a href="../../cli-commands/npm-adduser">npm adduser</a>.</p>
<h3 id="publish-your-package" style="position:relative;"><a href="#publish-your-package" aria-label="publish your package permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Publish your package</h3>
<p>This part's easy. In the root of your folder, do this:</p>
<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token function">npm</span> publish</code></pre></div>
<p>You can give publish a url to a tarball, or a filename of a tarball,
or a path to a folder.</p>
<p>Note that pretty much <strong>everything in that folder will be exposed</strong>
by default. So, if you have secret stuff in there, use a
<code class="language-text">.npmignore</code> file to list out the globs to ignore, or publish
from a fresh checkout.</p>
<h3 id="brag-about-it" style="position:relative;"><a href="#brag-about-it" aria-label="brag about it permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Brag about it</h3>
<p>Send emails, write blogs, blab in IRC.</p>
<p>Tell the world how easy it is to install your program!</p>
<h3 id="see-also" style="position:relative;"><a href="#see-also" aria-label="see also permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>See also</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="../../cli-commands/npm">npm</a></li>
<li><a href="../../cli-commands/npm-init">npm init</a></li>
<li><a href="../../configuring-npm/package-json">package.json</a></li>
<li><a href="../../using-npm/scripts">npm scripts</a></li>
<li><a href="../../cli-commands/npm-publish">npm publish</a></li>
<li><a href="../../cli-commands/npm-adduser">npm adduser</a></li>
<li><a href="../../using-npm/registry">npm registry</a></li>
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